Policy Research Organization: March 2024

-Shweta Shah

The bustling metropolis of Bengaluru, often hailed as the ‘Silicon Valley of India,’ is facing a recurring crisis that threatens the very foundation of the city's existence – a severe water shortage. Bengaluru, celebrated as a beacon of economic growth and innovation, faces a critical question: has this growth been beneficial or detrimental to its 9.6 million residents? This crisis is a stark reminder that rapid urbanization and economic development can come at a heavy cost. But Bengaluru isn't alone. Many major Indian cities are grappling with similar water woes, highlighting critical gaps in urban water management. From Mumbai to Delhi, Chennai to Kolkata, the story is the same – burgeoning populations, strained infrastructure, and dwindling water resources.

The Current Situation in Bengaluru:

The Krishnaraja Sagar Dam, one of the city’s primary water sources, is at a five-year low, and the city's demand (2,100 MLD) far outstrips supply (1,850 MLD). This gap threatens a ‘Day Zero’ with no running tap water. The crisis stems from a complex web of issues. Over-reliance on the strained Cauvery River, coupled with disputes with neighbouring states, has put a burden on this lifeline. Additionally, rampant extraction and pollution have depleted groundwater, leaving many borewells dry. Bengaluru's once abundant lakes, neglected due to urbanization, are no longer reliable water sources. Citizens are facing the brunt of this crisis. Apartments lack water, forcing residents to rely on expensive tankers or public facilities. The situation is dire, with some resorting to desperate measures to secure water. Renowned Scientist, Dr T V Ramchandra, IISc has stated that if the civic administration doesn’t address this water scarcity with effective and sustainable measures right away, Bengaluru is going to go the ‘Cape Town Way’.

Steps Taken by the Administration:

In Bengaluru, the urban governance bodies have implemented measures to address the water crisis, such as water rationing, conservation campaigns, and infrastructure investments. The BWSSB (Bengaluru Water Supply and Sewerage Board) has banned non-essential uses of potable water and initiated projects to augment supply. Immediate digging of 58 borewells in various regions of the city has been ordered. However, these measures often fall short of addressing the root causes of the crisis and may provide only temporary relief.

What cities can learn -

Bengaluru's woes serve as a cautionary tale for other growing cities. Across India, cities are witnessing a surge in population as people migrate in search of better opportunities. This influx strains existing water resources. Unchecked urban sprawl paves over natural landscapes, hindering rainwater recharge and exacerbating flooding during monsoons. Lakes and ponds, once natural reservoirs, are encroached upon or polluted, further diminishing water storage capacity. Proactive water management plans, sustainable practices like rainwater harvesting, treatment of sewage water, lake restoration, and responsible urban development are crucial lessons to learn.

Urban Governance - Falling Short

Urban governance bodies often struggle to keep pace with the growing demand for water. Over-reliance on distant rivers or unsustainable groundwater extraction are short-sighted solutions. Inefficient water distribution systems lead to leakages and wastage. Furthermore, a lack of public awareness and pricing mechanisms that don't discourage overuse compound the problem. The civic administrations often prioritize economic benefits over the maintenance and conservation of precious natural resources, putting the futures of all its residents at risk.

Policy Solutions for a Sustainable Future -

Here are some key policy solutions that can help Indian cities navigate this water crisis:

● Long-Term Vision: Cities need a long-term water management plan that factors in population growth, rapid economic development and climate change.

● Rainwater Harvesting: Mandatory rainwater harvesting in residential and commercial buildings can significantly reduce dependence on external sources.

● Wastewater Treatment and Reuse: Treated wastewater can be used for irrigation and non-potable purposes, reducing freshwater demand.

● Lake and River Restoration: Desilting and rejuvenation of lakes and rivers can replenish natural water bodies. Also, urgent de-encroachment of these water bodies should be taken up.

● Public Awareness Campaigns: Educating citizens about water conservation and including them in the water management campaigns and projects is crucial.

● Leakage Detection and Repair: Upgrading water infrastructure to minimize leaks and ensure efficient distribution is essential.

● Tariff Reforms: Water pricing structures that incentivize conservation and penalize overuse can encourage responsible water use.

● Explore Alternative Water Sources: Urban governance bodies must diversify water sources to alleviate pressure on degrading rivers. Treated wastewater offers a sustainable solution for non-drinking purposes like irrigation and industrial use. Simultaneously, curbing groundwater extraction and implementing recharge techniques can replenish aquifers, safeguarding this critical resource. Moreover, rejuvenating polluted lakes and ponds not only expands water storage but also enhances ecological health.

As Bengaluru and other major cities grapple with their water crises, there are valuable lessons to be learned. Urban governance bodies must recognize the interconnected nature of water issues and take proactive measures to address them. By prioritizing sustainability, equity, and resilience, cities can navigate their water challenges and build a more sustainable future for all residents. The journey ahead will be challenging, but with collective action, citizen participation and innovative solutions, cities can turn the tide on their water crises and emerge stronger than ever before. By taking action now, cities can avoid a similar fate and ensure a secure water future for all.